Beschreibung:

Height 2.5 in. x width 1.75 in. x length 5 in. The pipe is finely carved of a dense black slate or similar stone, the bowl a realistic human face sporting a wavy mustache and goatee, with detailed eyes and ears, the stem terminating in an elaborately carved fitting with various bands and raised circles. A perforated tab is present just behind the chin of the figure. The face carved on the bowl is thought to be that of Louis Riel (1844-1885), a Metis spokesman, teacher, and leader of the Red River and North-West Rebellions of 1869 and 1885. Riel remains one of the most controversial figures in Canadian history. To the Metis he is regarded as a hero and defender of their native rights; in the Canadian west in 1885 most settlers saw him as a villain. Today he is viewed as the founder of the movements that protested central Canadian political and economic power (Hallpenny, 1983). This pipe, with its grinning mustachioed visage, depicts an enigmatic non-Native figure that is known from at least three other pipes. Coe (1977: figure 166) and Ewers (1986:63) illustrate a nearly identical pipe curated in the British Museum that was sent by a W.A. Boyd from Pembina, Red River, Dakota Territory, to William Bragge a British pipe collector in December, 1868 (Bragge Collection, Catalog D.C. 39.). The sole difference between the pipe offered here and its mate in the British Museum lies in the facial hair carved on the face; the pipe here has a mustache and chin whiskers, the pipe collected by Boyd sports bushy mutton chops. Beyond this detail, the pipes are identical, and were almost certainly carved by the same hand. The British Museum (Christy Collection, St723) also curates a black stone pipe featuring a long stem and bowl carved with at least three faces, employing many of the same features as the pipe in this lot (Coe 1977:167). Collection records indicate the pipe was acquired by Henry Christy sometime between 1860-69. Sotheby's offered a similar three-faced pipe in their November, 1995 auction of American Indian Art (Sale 6783, Lot 107), featuring the same mustachioed, grinning face. This example had the name William carved into the stem. Both the style, stone, and facial characteristics employed on these pipes suggests that all were probably made by the same craftsman, and some may feature the same individual. The Bragge Collection pipe, sent to London from Pembina, Dakota Territory in 1868, provides a geographic locus for their production, as well as a clue as to the characters they may represent. Following the passage of the Rupert’s Land Act of 1868, the Canadian government agreed to purchase Rupert’s Land – a vast tract encompassing the entire drainage of Hudson’s Bay -- from the Hudson Bay Company. In advance of the purchase, the Canadian minister of public works, William McDougall ordered a survey party to the Canadian portion of the Red River Colony, a tract of land straddling what is today parts of North Dakota, Minnesota and southern Manitoba. McDougall, an Anglophone and Protestant, was disdainful of the local Catholic, French speaking Metis population, who refused to recognize his authority. Warned by Hudson Bay Governor William Mactavish that such incursions would likely generate unrest, McDougall persisted. When a government party arrived at the Hudson Bay post of Fort Garry (Winnipeg) in the fall of 1869, they were met with resistance from a provisional Red River Colony government led by Louis Riel, a formally educated local Metis. In early October, Riel’s supporters organized “The Metis National Committee” and a few weeks later turned back McDougall’s survey party near the United States border, forcing them to retreat to Pembina, Dakota Territory. On the same day, Riel’s followers seized control of Fort Garry. In the months that followed, Riel became the leader of a provisional government, and entered into direct negotiations with Canada, presenting a list of 14 rights as a condition of union. Unrest continued, with a